MITScan: Score-Based Genome-Wide Association Analysis of the Microbiome and Host Transcriptome

Microbiome research explores how microbial communities interact with the human body to influence health and well-being, offering insights for advancing personalized medicine and targeted treatments. Microbiome profiles can be measured, for example, by 16S rRNA sequencing, where sequencing reads are clustered into genus- or species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs), yielding count-based abundance data. In addition, these data are often characterized by sparsity with extra zeros. Emerging evidence suggests that imbalances in microbial composition, potentially regulated by host gene expression, have been associated with various diseases. Investigating the associations between the microbiome and host transcriptome can help uncover the mechanisms underlying human health and disease. Current existing approaches for evaluating their associations largely rely on Pearson or Spearman correlations, ignoring the fact that microbiome data are sparse count data, leading to potentially biased results. To overcome this issue, we presentMITScan, a genome-wideMIcrobiome-hostTranscriptomeScore-based associationanalysis, employing zero-inflated negative binomial models to accommodate extra zeros commonly observed in microbiome data. To address the large number of paired association tests arising from two high-dimensional omics datasets, we utilize score tests and matrix calculations for computational efficiency. We further apply an empirical permutation method with genomic control to effectively control the family-wise error rate in studies with small sample sizes. With real datasets, we demonstrate thatMITScanachieves computational gains of three orders of magnitude compared to commonly used Wald or t tests, while identifying similar significant OTU-gene pairs. TheMITScanR package is accessible on GitHub at https://github.com/yajing-hao/MITScan.