Drought and methyl jasmonate memory interact to determine plant functioning under current drought stress in a perennial grass

Climate-driven droughts necessitate deeper insights into plant resilience, particularly in cwlonal perennials. This study presents the first integrative analysis of how recurrent drought (D2), drought memory (D1), and methyl jasmonate-induced memory (M1) independently and interactively shape metabolomic diversity, composition, and morpho-physiological traits. Using Festuca rubra as a model species and using a full-factorial design, we found that current drought (D2) was the primary driver of metabolic reprogramming, reducing metabolite richness but enhancing uniqueness, suggesting a streamlined, stress-optimized strategy. D1 and M1 had significant, context-dependent impacts: D1 increased richness under well-watered conditions but reversed under drought, while M1 stabilized both metabolomic and trait variability. Importantly, D1 and M1 effects were non-additive, producing emergent biochemical states and morpho-physiology. A significant D1 × D2 × M1 interaction revealed complex integration of environmental and hormonal legacies. The metabolomic shifts closely aligned with traits such as specific leaf area and relative water content, indicating a coordinated adaptation at both metabolomic and morpho-physiological levels through memory-driven mechanisms. Our findings confirm that both drought and hormone induced memories are transgenerational and compositional, with synergistic roles in plant stress adaptation. This suggests that combining hormonal and environmental priming strategies may be a viable approach to enhancing plant resilience under increasing climate variability.