Consensus Document for the Study of Leishmaniasis from a One Health Approach in Spain

Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease caused by the parasite Leishmania, is a public health concern in Europe. Although Spain is an endemic country, it lacks a national surveillance network. To address this, the creation of a research and surveillance network is proposed, which would integrate data from various fields and enhance control and public health strategies. The first objective is to gather epidemiological data on vectors, reservoirs and transmission rates in Spain, with a particular focus on the role of dogs and wildlife as primary reservoirs. The plan includes establishing forums, databases, and specialised training programmes. The second objective is to improve case surveillance and reporting by establishing a comprehensive national registry. Implementing molecular diagnostics and bioinformatics tools will aid analysis of retrospective data and tracking of disease evolution. The third objective is to develop a standardised method for the molecular char-acterisation of Leishmania, using techniques such as PCR and genomic sequencing to de-tect virulence and resistance patterns. Key actions include collecting isolates, sharing an-alytical tools and providing genomic training. The fourth objective is to identify new therapeutic targets in response to toxicity and resistance to current treatments by studying specific enzymes (FeSOD, HDAC), metabolic pathways and natural products. Ultimately, establishing the Leishmaniasis Surveillance Network will support a 'One Health' ap-proach and promote interdisciplinary collaboration towards a national control plan.