Comparative Study of Dipole, Yagi-Uda, and Helical Antennas in FM Transmission Systems

This study presents a comparative analysis of Dipole, Yagi-Uda, and Helical antennas in Frequency Modulation (FM) transmission systems, focusing on their efficiency, gain, bandwidth, and radiation characteristics. The aim is to evaluate how each antenna type influences the overall performance of FM radio broadcasting. Experimental simulations and field measurements were conducted at a frequency of 100 MHz, representing a standard FM broadcast band. Results show that the Dipole antenna, with a measured gain of 2.15 dBi and bandwidth of 8 MHz, provides satisfactory omnidirectional coverage suitable for local broadcasting. The Yagi-Uda antenna demonstrated superior directivity with a measured gain of 7.3 dBi and bandwidth of 10 MHz, making it ideal for long-distance transmission and minimizing multipath interference. The Helical antenna, operating in axial mode, exhibited a circular polarization gain of 9.8 dBi and bandwidth of 12 MHz, proving effective in scenarios requiring polarization diversity and wide-area coverage. Comparative analysis indicates that while the Dipole is cost-effective and simple to implement, the Yagi-Uda is preferable in directional broadcast applications, and the Helical antenna offers enhanced bandwidth and polarization performance for modern FM systems. These findings suggest that antenna selection should be guided by transmission requirements, coverage area, and signal quality demands.